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<channel>
  <title>Burma Underground</title>
  <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog</link>
  <description>A news and opinion blog for the ethnic resistance movements in Burma.</description>
  <language>en-us</language>
  <lastBuildDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 22:58:25 -0700</lastBuildDate>
  <category domain="http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/Refugees">Refugees</category>
  <generator>Blogware</generator>
  
  <item>
    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Burmese Red March in the Streets of Kuala Lumpur</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/9/29/3258616.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/9/29/3258616.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Sat, 29 Sep 2007 12:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>Ed.: The following article was received in my email from Malaysia but there was no media source referenced.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://elizabethwong.wordpress.com/2007/09/28/red-alert-for-burma-in-kl/&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Wong&lt;/a&gt; also has photos and info on the demonstration.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Kuala Lumpur, 28 September 2007&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
This morning, more than three thousand Burmese protesters , most of them wearing red marched in the street of Kuala Lumpur . They walked from Ampang Park to the Burmese Embassy, 2 kilometers away. There they had a very organized peaceful demonstration facing the local Riot police who were guarding the Embassy. Then they proceeded to the Chinese Embassy and the Russian Embassy to hand over a memorandum.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
The demonstration was a joint effort of nine Burmese Organization here.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Urgent Appeal</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/6/25/3047563.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/6/25/3047563.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jun 2007 23:11:29 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>&lt;strong&gt;228 Burmese Asylum Seekers and Refugees Arrested by RELA&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.suaram.net/&quot;&gt;SUARAM&lt;/a&gt; is informed that 228 asylum seekers and refugees from  Burma were arrested in an operation by the Malaysian Immigration and RELA (People’s Voluntary Corps) raid today (25 June 2007). About 2.00am, the joint force raided the Chin Refugee Centre and Chin communities at Jalan Imbi and Jalan San Peng, Kuala Lumpur.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Most of the detainees are recognised as refugees by the United Nations High Commission of Refugees (UNHCR). Among them, 30 people are underaged, 5 are pregnant women and 10 are people who will be sent to the United States of America tomorrow for resettlement. Chin refugee leader U Sang was also among those arrested.</description>
    
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  <item>
    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>World Refugee Day</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/6/20/3036578.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/6/20/3036578.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jun 2007 15:45:59 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>Malaysian newspaper The Star has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://thestar.com.my/youth2/story.asp?file=/2007/6/20/youth2/20070619185502&amp;sec=youth2&quot;&gt;great article about Kachin refugees in Malaysia&lt;/a&gt;, in honor of World Refugee Day.  It&#39;s a pleasant departure from the typical articles focusing on the negative conditions of refugees - the jungle camps and overcrowded apartments - and does a good job of reflecting the personality and character of those interviewed.   They also have a &lt;a href=&quot;http://thestar.com.my/youth2/story.asp?file=/2007/6/20/youth2/20070619190018&amp;sec=youth2&quot;&gt;related article&lt;/a&gt; about a new class being held for the Kachin children.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A tidbit from the first article for you: &lt;blockquote&gt;Unlike most of his countrymen, Kam Li is fluent in English and was able to represent his community in encounters with the locals. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
“The name ‘leader’ is high-sounding but my work is really at the ground level. I go to the different settlements, I bring the sick to the clinic, look into the education programme and the welfare of the pregnant women and such. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
“Sometimes our people are detained at the police station. These people are from my community, and I’m their leader so I have to go and explain their situation. Some police do not even know what UNHCR is,” says Kam Li who holds a UNHCR card that identifies him as a refugee entitled to protection under the international human rights law. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I am now missing my friends. Go read the article, and if you know a refugee, wish them a happy day and give them a hug.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Murdered Refugee Girl Laid to Rest</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/4/14/2881009.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/4/14/2881009.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Sat, 14 Apr 2007 19:58:41 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>By Salai Za Uk Ling&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chinlandguardian.com&quot;&gt;www.chinlandguardian.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
11 April 2007 – Kuala Lumpur: Dally Sui Hlei Par, a 7 year-old refugee girl who was found murdered and mutilated a week after she went missing on March 20 was finally laid to rest in Kuala Lumpur this afternoon.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
More than 500 Chins and local sympathizers attended the emotional funeral and burial service at Cheras Christian cemetery. Funeral goers braved the drizzling rain to pay their last respect to Dally whose decomposing body was discovered under the bushes near the family’s home with both her hands severed at the wrists.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
Dally’s peers and classmates sang an emotional farewell song dedicated to her memory.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
Like other refugee and undocumented children, Dally didn’t have access to formal primary education in Malaysia. Chin refugee children receive informal education in community schools run by groups such as Chin Students Organization and Chin Women’s Organization.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chinlandguardian.com&quot;&gt;Read more...&lt;/a&gt;</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>An Elegy For Delly</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/4/7/2865071.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/4/7/2865071.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Sat, 07 Apr 2007 11:57:08 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>Van Biak Thang&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chinlandguardian.com&quot;&gt;www.chinlandguardian.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
A distant knell echoed &#39;long the horizon&lt;br&gt;
Like a whisper that blows a hollow horn;&lt;br&gt;
Tears dropped and hearts ached in silent pain&lt;br&gt;
Over a tragic brutal loss of a seven-year old girl,&lt;br&gt;
So sweet and lovely, Delly Sui Hlei Par.&lt;br&gt;
She loved to play, pray and her stories share:&lt;br&gt;
How she wanted to be free and live to care&lt;br&gt;
When the family&#39;s to the States fly in hours&lt;br&gt;
All her dreams but turned into a nighmare&lt;br&gt;
Vanishing like a puff of smoke into breezy air</description>
    
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  <item>
    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Malaysia Must Protect Chin Children Now</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/4/6/2863617.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/4/6/2863617.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Fri, 06 Apr 2007 16:10:42 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>(&lt;a href=&quot;http://chro.org/&quot;&gt;CHRO Press Release&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
CHRO joins the Malaysian Parliamentary Caucus for Democracy in Burma in their call for the Malaysian government to take immediate action in the case of Dally Sui and to protect all Burmese children living in Malaysia. As a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Malaysia has a responsibility to uphold and ensure the rights of all children, including refugee and undocumented children, are protected.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
THE CASE OF DALLY SUI&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
Dally Sui is seven year old Chin girl who was abducted on 20 March. Her body was later found with her hands severed at the wrist on 27 March. Dally Sui and her family fled Burma, and had been living in Malaysia as refugees since 2002. She went missing the day before she and her family were scheduled to leave Malaysia to be resettled to the United States.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
After becoming aware that Dally Sui had disappeared, her parents immediately filed a missing persons report with the police. As the hours turned into days and the search for Dally Sui spread throughout the Chin community in Kuala Lumpur, the police did little to help. Despite repeated requests for their involvement, the authorities failed to take exert the effort even to simply speak to the distraught parents or interview the neighbors&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
In the end, Dally Sui was found dead with her body dumped in some undergrowth just 4 kilometers from her parent’s house. Her hands remain unaccounted for and her killer has still not been identified by the authorities. Her parent’s must now face leaving for the United States without receiving answers about the death of their little girl.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Appeal for refugees in Malaysia</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/3/15/2808787.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/3/15/2808787.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Thu, 15 Mar 2007 19:04:36 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>As per my &lt;a href=&quot;http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/3/14/2806068.html&quot;&gt;previous post&lt;/a&gt;, this is an appeal to write letters to the Malaysian government calling for an end to the abuse and arrests of asylum-seekers and refugees.  The Home Affairs Minister and Foreign Minister have recently made comments that government does not recognize the authority of the UNHCR, and will not recognize refugees in Malaysia.  They have announced plans to arrest up to half a million illegal migrants, and are using the People&#39;s Volunteer Corps, Rela, to conduct raids.  Many victims have recounted abuse and violence at the hands of Rela volunteers, and registered refugees as well as legal visa holders have been arrested and harassed. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Please write to the Malaysian ministers and let them know that their attitude and disregard for the human rights of migrants and refugees is not acceptable and that people are paying attention.  They&#39;ve justified their policies and the use of Rela by saying they have the support of the Malaysian people, and by playing on fears of invasion by floods of illegal migrants.  But immigration policy should be shaped by reason and logic, not xenophobia, and economics is never a justification to deny people their human rights.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Here are a few points to request in your letters:</description>
    
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    <enclosure url="http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/_attachments/2808787/Malaysia%20Letter%203-15-07.pdf" length="62464" type="application/pdf" />
    
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  <item>
    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Malaysia Rejects Refugees</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/3/14/2806068.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/3/14/2806068.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Wed, 14 Mar 2007 16:49:25 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>Immigration raids and arrests have been steadily increasing in Malaysia, as the government announced plans to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.suaram.net/display_article.asp?ID=759&quot;&gt;arrest up to half a million illegal migrants&lt;/a&gt; this year.    Rela, the People&#39;s Volunteer Corps, has been mobilized to do immigration&#39;s dirty work.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.suaram.net/display_article.asp?ID=509&quot;&gt;Rela&lt;/a&gt; has become known for their violent raids and abuse of power.   Suaram, the Malaysian human rights NGO, reported last year on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.suaram.net/display_article.asp?ID=509&quot;&gt;several incidents of abuse&lt;/a&gt; by Rela officers, including beatings, theft during raids, and arrest of individuals with valid documents.  One raid on a market was followed by &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4720386.stm&quot;&gt;five bodies being pulled from a nearby lake.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
More recently, on March 12, Rela conducted a raid in Jalan Imbi, a neighborhood known to be home to a large number of Burmese nationals - mostly asylum-seekers and refugees from Chin State.  The Chin Refugee Center is also located in Jalan Imbi.  According to the Chinland Guardian, &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;The raid began around 1:00 am and continued for several hours. Forty-eight Chin asylum seekers from Burma, including ten women, have been taken to Seminyah detention camp, where they will await deportation.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
Among those arrested and detained is, Salai Ni Kio, a resettled refugee visiting from  Denmark on valid travel documents. According to our sources, the Malaysian authorities have confiscated his travel documents and are refusing to release him. The Danish Embassy has been notified about the situation.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description>
    
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  <item>
    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Happy (belated) International Women&#39;s Day</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/3/9/2793684.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/3/9/2793684.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Fri, 09 Mar 2007 15:56:32 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>March 8th was International Women&#39;s Day, and although this post is a day late, it&#39;s still a good time to reflect on the issue of women&#39;s rights.  The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.internationalwomensday.com/about.asp&quot;&gt;International Women&#39;s Day 2007&lt;/a&gt; site has a history of IWD.  I find it unfortunate that in reading that page, I didn&#39;t come across one bit of information that I already knew.  According to the site, the first National Women&#39;s Day was observed in the U.S on February 28th, a year after 15,000 women marched through New York city demanding better work conditions and the right to vote.   In 1911, &quot;More than one million women and men attended IWD rallies campaigning for women&#39;s rights to work, vote, be trained, to hold public office and end discrimination.&quot;</description>
    
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  <item>
    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Chin Woman Speaks at UN about Gender Violence in Burma</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/2/27/2769942.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/2/27/2769942.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2007 22:36:49 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>By Salai Elaisa Vahnie&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chinlandguardian.net&quot;&gt;Chinland Guardian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
February 27, 2007-New York: Cheery Zahau of Women League of Chinland ( WLC) spoke today at the United Nations held the panel discussion at its 51st Session of Commission on the Status of Women at  the UN Headquarters building in New York.  The panel discussion focused on discrimination and violence against women in Burma and Sudan. The panelists presented about rape and sexual violence in both countries where Mass Rape have been practiced as a State Sanctioned Weapon.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
In her panel presentation, Cheery, coordinator of WLC, figured the total number of victims documented in several different sources of reports prepared by Women organizations in Burma to be as many as 1,859 girls and women.</description>
    
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    <enclosure url="http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/_attachments/2769942/Zahau%20Testimony%202-27-07.pdf" length="70038" type="application/pdf" />
    
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  <item>
    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Malaysia Detains New-Born Refugee Baby and Parents</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/2/23/2759617.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/2/23/2759617.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Fri, 23 Feb 2007 12:57:13 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>By Salai Za Uk Ling&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chinlandguardian.net&quot;&gt;www.chinlandguardian.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
23 February 2007 – Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian authorities on Wednesday detained a 2 week-old refugee baby and her Chin parents after the parents tried to register the child’s  birth with the National Registration Department here in Kuala Lumpur.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
The new-born child and both her parents were placed in custody yesterday afternoon when the parents tried to register the child as a person born in Malaysia. As of late this evening, they remain in detention at the National Registration Department office in Damansara. Under Malaysia’s immigration law, every child born in the country must be registered within 14 days of birth.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
According to a relative who accompanied them to the office yesterday, both parents of the baby are unwell. The mother reportedly still  hasn’t completely recovered from child birth and was still bleeding at the time of being detained. The father also had just been released only a few hours earlier from hospital where he was treated for temporary paralysis of the limbs when they were placed in immigration custody. “I was waiting outside of the office until the office closed only to find out that they had been detained inside,” the relative told Chinland Guardian.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
Dawt Hlei Tial, the mother, is registered a principal with United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as a Person of Concern to the office and is awaiting a final decision on her refugee status. According to the relative, the father has also been notified to appear for interview with UNHCR.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
The detention came only a few weeks after Malaysian Home Affairs Minister made a public statement in which he threw criticism at UNHCR for “interfering” with law enforcement’s operations against “illegal immigrants” in the country. In his statement, the Minister further said that his government does not recognize the functions of UNHCR in Malaysia.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
According to sources from the Home Ministry, Malaysia currently detains more than 2,000 persons from Burma alone of which a third of them are Chin asylum seekers and refugees. Last year, Home Minister Radzi Sheik Ahmad was quoted by the Malaysian newspaper as saying that his government would intensify crackdowns on “illegal immigrants” despite overcrowded detention centers. “If they [illegal immigrants] have to sleep on the floor next to each other, then so be it,” he was quoted as saying by the New Straits Times.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
“We are constantly dealing with arrest and detention every single day,” says Salai San Aung, Secretary of Chin Refugee Committee. According to CRC records, the organization has so far secured the release of 78 Chin refugees in February alone from various police lock-ups and detention.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>CHRO  Concerned by Remarks of Malaysia’s Home Affairs Minister</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/2/13/2734316.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/2/13/2734316.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Tue, 13 Feb 2007 17:59:21 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>CHRO is deeply concerned and dismayed by the recent statements made by Malaysia’s Home Affairs Minister, Datuk Seri Radzi Sheikh Ahmad, regarding United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in Malaysia. CHRO urges the Minister to consider the implications of his statements in  conjunction with the realities of the refugee situation in Malaysia.&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt;
On 1 February 2007, the Minister reportedly criticized UNHCR for getting in the way of the operations of agencies such as RELA and the Immigration Department. The Minister further indicated that Malaysia “accepts UNHCR’s presence, but not their powers.”</description>
    
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    <title>Arakanese Refugees in Malaysia</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/1/10/2636898.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/1/10/2636898.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2007 17:30:48 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>Continued from &lt;a href=&quot;http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/1/3/2618850.html&quot;&gt;Malaysia 12-06-06: Generals and Chickens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
After leaving the CWO, Goi and I fetch a cab to go to the Arakanese Refugee Relief Center, which is located some ways outside the city.  Although we had the address, finding it was no mean feat.  Goi&#39;s English is not bad, but he has a unique way of communicating - with mumbled words and ambiguous grunts.  I suspect this is a result of an ever-present wad of tobacco or other substance that remains well-hidden within with his cheeks.  We found ourselves driving in circles looking for the right street, and I had to laugh to myself a little at the ensuing conversation of the driver&#39;s &quot;Eh?!&quot; and &quot;La&quot; peppered English, and Goi&#39;s mumbles and &quot;uunnhs&quot;.  This was punctuated by calls to the Arakanese office and a friend of the taxi driver, with further efforts to communicate directions between several people in at least three different languages.</description>
    
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    <title>Malaysia 12-06-06: Generals and Chickens</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/1/3/2618850.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2007/1/3/2618850.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jan 2007 21:04:18 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>It would seem I&#39;ve fallen a bit behind on journaling my trip to Malaysia.  I&#39;m going to consider it a positive that I was too busy actually doing things to write about them in a timely fashion, and just forge ahead as if I&#39;m not a month behind.  I&#39;m not big on end of year retrospectives or new year&#39;s resolutions, anyway. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
December 6th started with breakfast with Simon&#39;s wife - Simon was the coordinator at the CRC last year who I&#39;d spent so much time with, and who&#39;s now in Australia.  Last year I had ijagwe and coffee with him every morning, so the plan was to call him so we could chat over breakfast again.  Unfortunately, his new job on a farm somewhere around Adelaide pre-empted our conversation.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
After breakfast Goi and I went to visit the Chin Women&#39;s Organization.  They have a set of flats on the other side of the city and run their own projects, providing a safe house for women and children when necessary, running a few classes taught by foreign volunteers for women and children, and a new handicraft project.  When we arrived, Zi, the director, led us up to the second flat, where she lives with her husband, and where they had a table set up with their handicraft products so I could look through them and pick some to bring back with me.  There was also a teenage boy and an older man sitting quietly against the opposite wall - I&#39;ve gotten used to there always being random people about, so I don&#39;t really pay much attention.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Detained on Christmas</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/24/2594618.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/24/2594618.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Sun, 24 Dec 2006 09:15:27 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>By Salai Za Uk Ling&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
24 Dec 2006 - Kuala Lumpur: Signs of festivities are everywhere as Chin refugee community in Malaysia prepares for festive celebrations. But hundreds of them will be spending this year’s Christmas in detention centers across Malaysia. More than 500 Chin refugees and asylum seekers are languishing in Malaysian jails and detention centers after being arrested for immigration offences. Detainees range from young single males to entire family members; to mothers and pregnant women to children as young as three years old.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Just last week, 43 Chins were arrested during an immigration raid in a construction worksite near Singaporean border in government’s ongoing operation against “illegal immigrants.” Mr. Peng had been working in the site for more than one month to support his wife and two young children before being arrested in last week’s sweep. Like other recognized refugees in the country, Mr. Peng is not legally permitted to work in Malaysia. Last month, he found a menial work in a construction site in Jahor, more than three hundred kilometers away from Kuala Lumpur where he and his family live. He took the job there, though it meant having to leave his family alone. He needed to earn extra money for the family this Christmas. He and his family are awaiting resettlement in a third country and were recently interviewed for relocation in the United States. His plan was to come back to Kuala Lumpur to spend Christmas with his family, but he is now being detained with dozens of his co-workers and is facing prospects of prolonged detention and even deportation. His wife and two children are now spending this Christmas without Mr. Peng.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chinlandguardian.net/index.php/Home/202&quot;&gt;Read more at the Chinland Guardian&lt;/a&gt;</description>
    
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    <title>Malaysia 12-05-06: The KDO</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/17/2580626.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/17/2580626.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Sun, 17 Dec 2006 21:52:35 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>On December fifth, I met up with Kam Li, the director of the Kachin Development Organization, to talk shop.  The KDO started about two years ago, but have had an office and drop-in center for less than a year.  When I met up with them last year, Kam Li wasn&#39;t working as the coordinator yet.  A Kachin friend of mine in Chiang Mai put me in touch with his brother who lives in Malaysia; he works in a swanky restaurant in KL, but is also involved with the KDO.  Kam Li came to meet me with a tape recorder, and as we sat in the tea shop he asked me about how they should organize, and what activities they should do.</description>
    
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    <title>Malaysia 12-04-06 Part II: Rejection</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/11/2565240.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/11/2565240.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Mon, 11 Dec 2006 08:44:33 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>Later Monday evening, Uncle asks if he could show me his rejection letter from the U.S.  His case had been referred to the DHS for a resettlement interview, but wasn&#39;t accepted. The letter shows a list of possible reasons for rejection, with the relevant option ticked.  The reason he was rejected was that the interviewing officer had given him an &#39;opportunity to present evidence to support his case&#39;, but as he could not produce it, he was rejected.  The evidence he was asked to produce was a photo of him and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, proving he was a member of the NLD.  He&#39;d left the photo at home, and asked if he couldn&#39;t bring it back to show him.  The interviewing officer told him there was no time.  And that was that.</description>
    
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    <title>Malaysia 12-04-06 Part I: Pickled tea and detainees</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/10/2564408.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/10/2564408.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Sun, 10 Dec 2006 23:34:59 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>On Monday, the fourth, I went with Victor and Ling to the magistrate court to watch the proceedings for 23 Chin who were arrested in the raid two months ago.  The court is a sprawling marvel of Moorish (as the internet tells me) architecture, with golden domed minarets and spiraling stairwells. The whitewashed hallways are dappled with ornately patterned sunlight streaming through the iron latticework in the dome shaped windows. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The hallways are lined with courtrooms, each with heavy hardwood double doors.  There appeared to be hundreds of rooms on several floors in the building.  We didn&#39;t yet know which room the 23 would be brought to, so we ended up wandering up and down the hallway, someone occasionally popping their head into an open door.  We finally met up with the lawyer who was sent by the UNHCR to represent them.</description>
    
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    <title>Malaysia 12-03-06</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/10/2562621.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/10/2562621.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Sun, 10 Dec 2006 03:38:17 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>I am starting to remember last Sunday more and more fondly as the week goes by.  Why? You may ask - did something fun or interesting happen on Sunday?  The answer to that is no.  Nothing happened on Sunday.  It was a wonderfully unproductive day that I got the better part of to myself.  I even got to take a nap.  It being Sunday, many people, including Uncle, who seems to be there every time I turn around, were in church.  He made a great effort to guilt me into going, but the fact is that I hate church.  I am already trying to plot how I can be absent from the neighborhood this coming Sunday, as I gained reprieve last week by telling them &#39;maybe next week&#39;.</description>
    
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    <title>Malaysia 12-02-06</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/7/2555944.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/7/2555944.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2006 04:56:44 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>Saturday was a lazy day compared to Friday.  Breakfast was Ijagwe and coffee again, with both Uncle and Belle*, who may possibly be the saddest girl in the world.  I&#39;ve spent enough time listening to Uncle tell me how great his god is and that he&#39;s praying for me to become Christian, and I know she feels the same way.  I often notice her looking at me with an expression that strikes me as being a mixture of pity and regret, and I feel like she&#39;s imagining my poor heathen soul burning in hell.  I could be wrong though, and it&#39;s just as likely that she looks at everyone like that. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I spent the afternoon wandering around with Zaw at the mall, looking for a plug adaptor for my laptop.  They have Christmas decorations up in all the malls, and the shopping crowds to match.  The crowds, however, are par for the course in a country where shopping seems to be a national past-time.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Malaysia 12-01-06</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/5/2550816.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/5/2550816.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Tue, 05 Dec 2006 03:43:09 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>For my first full day here, the CRC had a meeting with the UNHCR to discuss re-opening registration, so I made arrangements to visit with Li from the Kachin Development Organization.  We met up after my requisite breakfast of ijagwe, Chinese doughnuts made Burmese style, and sweet milky coffee.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When I was here a year ago, the KDO was just starting to get organized, and they didn&#39;t yet have a proper office to operate out of.  They had asked me lots of questions about organizing and operating that I&#39;m hardly qualified to answer, and told me that next time I visited, they would be able to show me their office.  Li did just that. Besides the advocacy work he does, like helping Kachins with employment, getting referral letters for hospital visits, and networking with other NGOs, they are also starting up a Kachin radio program, and a handicraft program to generate income.  He showed me the room where they have their office set up, with a computer on a low table, and a pile of equipment I didn&#39;t recognize that was used for their radio program.  He asked what I thought of it and I told him it looked just like a student office.  He asked if it didn&#39;t look like an &#39;underground&#39; office - I&#39;m not sure I&#39;ve ever seen an underground office before, but said it probably did.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Background on Malaysia Trip</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/11/28/2534324.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/11/28/2534324.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 15:31:27 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>Before I take off for Malaysia, I thought it would be worthwhile to post a general overview of the situation with Burmese refugees there, and what I will be doing. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
My first trip to Malaysia was just over a year ago - I stayed there during November and December after I left Thailand, and before I returned home to the U.S.  I went after being asked to do so by Victor, a Chin community leader who lives and works in Chiang Mai. The idea was to help the Chin Refugee Committee with improving their office operations - stuff like organizing, writing reports and grant applications etc.   At least, I think that&#39;s what the idea was, although I&#39;m not sure how much I actually helped with that.  I did write up a few reports for grant applications, and I wrote a couple official letters to other agencies.  I also helped facilitate a few meetings with the Executive Committee to determine priorities for the CRC&#39;s future development, and come up with ideas for restructuring the organization to fix some problems they were facing.  Unforutanetly, many of these solutions, like having staff members who were focused on community outreach, and developing a communications strategy, required money that&#39;s hard to come by.  The CRC was formed with the moral support of the UNHCR, and they were tasked with managing the Chin community and handling pre-registration of asylum-seekers, but to the best of my knowledge, that moral support was not backed up by financial support.  All of the CRC staff were volunteers, working for room and board, and small stipends to cover some work related costs.</description>
    
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    <enclosure url="http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/_attachments/2534324/CHRO%200706%20Seeking_a_Safe_Haven.pdf" length="322087" type="application/pdf" />
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Material Support Waived for Chin Refugees</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/10/20/2432920.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/10/20/2432920.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Fri, 20 Oct 2006 21:25:02 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>It&#39;s not often I come across apparently good news relating to Burma that doesn&#39;t make me think, &quot;Hmm...well, I guess we&#39;ll just have to wait and see...&quot;.  Burma being added to the UN Security Council Agenda? Well, we&#39;ll just have to wait and see what happens when the paper tiger roars.  ASEAN rebukes junta? Yeah, well, we&#39;ll just have to wait and see how that goes.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
But, the recent news that the &lt;a href=http://www.voanews.com/burmese/2006-10-20-voa2.cfm&quot;&gt;US Secretary of State has waived application of the material support clause&lt;/a&gt; to ethnic Chin refugees? Well, that&#39;s great news.  I won&#39;t stand up and praise the government for undoing something that should have never been done, but I am unreservedly happy for Chin people all over Asia.  This most recent waiver seems to have come about after the visit of the Assistant Secretary of State Ellen Sauerbrey&#39;s visit to Southeast Asia in August to review the refugee situation.  While the US government &lt;a href=&quot;http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&amp;y=2006&amp;m=September&amp;x=20060928125133bcreklaw2.058047e-02&quot;&gt;pats itself on the back&lt;/a&gt; for it&#39;s commitment to &quot;freedom and human dignity&quot;, we should give credit where credit is due - to the hardworking lawyers, human rights professionals, activists and citizens around the world who have been struggling to clean up after and change the mess that this administration created in its effort to label anything that moves or talks funny a terrorist. I&#39;m sure there&#39;s a few people in Malaysia who would want to shake your hand right now, &lt;a href=&quot;http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:QoewD_6GMfkJ:www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/06619-asy-mat-sup-terr-bar-study.pdf+harvard+lawyers+chin+refugees&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=us&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=2&amp;client=firefox-a&quot;&gt;Tyler Giannini&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
What this means now is that the UNHCR will be able to resume its normal registration process for Chin people in Malaysia, and that the IOM will also be able to get involved in the registration and resettlement process to bring Chin people to the U.S.  There have been reports/rumors that the U.S. is looking to resettle a sizable group of Chin refugees, but there is no particular reason to think that this waiver will do anything to improve the already cumbrous and drawn out application process for refugee status and resettlement.  There are many many refugees from Burma who are not Chin or Karen, but who face the same circumstances and are equally in need.  There are also many Chin refugees in India and Bangladesh who the UNHCR is not reccommending or processing for resettlement, and who will gain little from this. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The waiver may also be cold comfort for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bnionline.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=813&amp;Itemid=6&quot;&gt;500 Chin people&lt;/a&gt; who have recently been arrested by Malaysian authorities.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
There I go again qualifying my good news with cynicism. I&#39;m not sure why the US government seems intent on meting out waivers peicemeal to specific ethnic groups, and I am tyring my best not to think that they are giving preference to those groups that are predominately Christian. But we should all take a moment to appreciate the good news and the hope that it will bring to many Chin people.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Karen Refugees Bound for Portland</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/10/17/2424265.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/10/17/2424265.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Tue, 17 Oct 2006 14:00:29 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>Since the Department of State has &lt;a href=&quot;http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/5/8/1942248.html&quot;&gt;waived the application of the material support provision&lt;/a&gt; to refugees in Thailand&#39;s Tham Hin refugee camp, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&amp;id=44e5bdf72&quot;&gt;first group&lt;/a&gt; has already begun resettlement here in the U.S.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The U.S. is planning on eventually accepting 9000 refugees from the camp, one of the most crowded and beleugered in Thailand, this year.  At least 80 of them will be arriving soon here in Portland, OR. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.catholiccharitiesoregon.org/503-231-4866/services/refugee.asp&quot;&gt;Catholic Charities&lt;/a&gt; is managing the resettlement process here in Portland, but they are still waiting on word of when their actual arrival date will be.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Odds are many of them will arrive with little more than a suitcase full of clothes which will quickly prove inadequate for a wet northwestern winter.  Although, more than a few refugees have left Malaysia with suitcases weighed down with precious packets of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.innwa.com/dev/kitchen/news/get-news.asp?id=142&quot;&gt;laphet thok&lt;/a&gt;, which might help take the edge off the dreariness.  If you&#39;re in the area and would like to help by donating clothes, food, furniture, or school supplies, or volunteering, you can contact the Catholic Charities office at (503) 231-4866.</description>
    
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    <title>Burmese Thais and Muslim Karen</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/5/1/1926197.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/5/1/1926197.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Mon, 01 May 2006 22:39:30 -0700</pubDate>
    <description>I&#39;ve come across two interesting articles recently that I thought I&#39;d share.  The first is from Dr. Habib Siddiqui writing at &lt;a href=&quot;http://burmadigest.wordpress.com/&quot;&gt;Burma Digest&lt;/a&gt; about the &lt;a href=&quot;http://burmadigest.wordpress.com/2006/05/01/violations-of-human-rights-against-karen-muslims-of-burma-by-the-spdc-regime/&quot;&gt;plight of Muslim Karens in Burma&lt;/a&gt;.  Actually, its just a short post with photos, but I found it particularly interesting as it&#39;s the first I&#39;ve heard of ethnic Karen who are Muslim.  &lt;br&gt;
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By recent reports from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freeburmarangers.org/Reports/20060423.html&quot;&gt;Free Burma Rangers&lt;/a&gt;, nearly 11,000 people have been displaced in the recent SPDC attacks in Karen State.  It&#39;s not been big in the mainstream press, but there are certian Christian publications which tend to follow the events in eastern Burma, and as one would expect, have been following this most recent tragedy.  It typically gets portrayed in the press that the Karen are Christian - a not untrue representation, but also not entirely accurate.  I&#39;m not personally fond of human rights issues such as this being given an overtly religious slant, as it tends to marginalize the stories of those who are not of the religion being representated.  Christians &lt;i&gt;are&lt;/i&gt; being persecuted in Burma, but so is everyone else.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>More on &quot;Material Support&quot;</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/3/29/1848601.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/3/29/1848601.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Wed, 29 Mar 2006 11:51:23 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>The L.A. Times has an editorial today from George Rupp of the IRC on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-rupp29mar29,0,5234040.story?coll=la-news-comment-opinions&quot;&gt;horrifying beauracratic screw-up&lt;/a&gt; that is the Patriot Act and the Real ID act, in relation to the defintion of terrorism and the &#39;material support&#39; clause.  He offers a few examples of people who have suffered the consequences of the Department of Homeland Security&#39;s incompetence.  &lt;br&gt;
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&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;br&gt;
A Sierra Leonean woman&#39;s house was attacked by rebels in 1992. A young family member was killed with machetes, another minor was subjected to burns and the woman and her daughter were raped. The rebels kept the family captive for days in their own home. Homeland Security has placed the case on hold for &quot;material support&quot; concerns because the family is deemed to have provided housing to the rebels. Under this interpretation, it does not matter whether the support provided was given willingly or under duress.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br&gt;
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Also, a petition version of the previous &#39;Letter to the President&#39; is now availabe to be signed online.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.petitiononline.com/givrefge/petition.html&quot;&gt;The petition for &quot;Exemption for Refugees from &quot;Material Support&quot; Prohibition&quot; &lt;/a&gt;will be forwarded to the relevent government officials and departments when it has ammassed a reasonable amount of signatures.&lt;br&gt;
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A few links: &lt;br&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lirs.org/Action/20060308MSAlert.htm&quot;&gt;LIRS Action Alert&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.democracyinaction.org/dia/organizationsORG/RefugeesInternational/campaign.jsp?campaign_KEY=3054&quot;&gt;Refugees International message form online&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.senate.gov/~gov_affairs/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&amp;Affiliation=R&amp;PressRelease_id=1202&amp;Month=3&amp;Year=2006&quot;&gt;Letter from Senators Kennedy and Lieberman to Michael Chertoff&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Letter to the President</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/3/27/1845424.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/3/27/1845424.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2006 18:21:27 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>As per my previous &lt;a href=&quot;http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/3/23/1837645.html&quot;&gt;post on the &quot;material support&quot; issue&lt;/a&gt;, here is a letter that I encourage you to copy and paste and send to the government.  You could print it and mail it if you feel so inclined, or fax it, although email is probably easiest.  I wonder if one particular method might get more attention than another, but I have no way of knowing.  Many computers can send faxes, so I&#39;d recommend giving it a go, because it seems like a fax might be harder to ignore.  Either way, just be sure to fill in the appropriate salutation, and add your own name to the bottom so it looks like it came from a real person.  Also, feel free to edit any part of the letter as you want, particularly if you are not a U.S. citizen/resident.  This is an important issue that effects many nationalities, so everyone should be speaking up about it. &lt;br&gt;
</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Material Support:  The Government is Retarded.</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/3/23/1837645.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2006/3/23/1837645.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2006 16:18:23 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>If you closely follow the news relating to Burma, or the US governments policy relating therein, you&#39;ve probably come across this issue of the &quot;material support clause&quot;.  More specifically, the issue of this material support clause being used to bar resettlement in the US to thousands of refugees, mainly from Burma and Colombia.  But it seems to be news that has been quietly lurking around for awhile, and hasn&#39;t really caught on in any mainstream press.  I first caught wind of this back in December sometime, from a smart and politically active friend from Burma, but we both had concluded that it was not such a big deal - the idea that Burmese opposition groups could be labeled terrorists seemed so illogical and absurd given the US&#39;s &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rpt/burma/26017.htm&quot;&gt;support for democratic and ethnic activists&lt;/a&gt; there, that we figured it would be sorted out properly in the course of its apparently pending review.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Passing Time</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2005/12/6/1436694.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2005/12/6/1436694.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Mon, 05 Dec 2005 23:20:10 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>Its been nearly a month now that I&#39;ve been in Malaysia.  When I look back, it feels like I&#39;ve been here for ages.  Its amazing how quickly new situations can become normal and comfortable.  But when I look forward, and realize there are only two weeks left, I feel like I haven&#39;t had any time at all, and there is still so much to do.  &lt;br&gt;
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All of the Chin people I meet here are very thankful, even though I&#39;m not sure that my being here alone is worth such thanks, it still makes me happy.  Several have told me that I am the first person to ever come and live with the Chin like I have.  I&#39;m not sure if that&#39;s true if you include the Chin in Burma and India, but it seems to be true in Malaysia at least.  In light of this, I feel like I should be doing more to record my experiences, like I should be keeping some kind of personal journal that if found 50 years from now would inspire movies and books.  As it is, everything I&#39;ve written you&#39;ve seen here on this site.  &lt;br&gt;
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Still, I want to share more about the things I&#39;ve been doing everyday.  Last weekend  I had a fantastic experience visiting Chin who are working outside KL.  But for various reasons I can&#39;t really give the details of the trip, perhaps later.  The last week, though, has been heavy, to say the least.  Squeezing it all into one post, though, is difficult, so I&#39;ll have to give you installments, not necessarily in chronological order.</description>
    
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    <dc:creator>The Editor</dc:creator>
    <title>Listening</title>
    <link>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2005/12/1/1430054.html</link>
    <guid>http://ethnicvoices.civiblog.org/blog/_archives/2005/12/1/1430054.html</guid>
    <pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2005 03:06:27 -0800</pubDate>
    <description>I remember once when I was about ten years old, sitting on the bus on the way to school when a friend sitting next to me started to tell me of some problem she was having.  She talked for ages spilling her story, not letting me get a word in edgewise.  So I sat listening quietly, and after she finished, she told me that I was a really good listener because I didn&#39;t try to offer her advice.  But the truth was, the whole time I was sitting anxiously, thinking that when she finished I would have to say something important to make her feel better, and I had no idea what that thing was.  I wonder that nothing seems to have changed in the last 16 years.</description>
    
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